the sample quality is equally distributed over the complete
loading. It is likely that all liquid hydrocarbons are fully mixed
with each other, though the large volume of an LNG cargo ship
might have some adverse and unforeseen effects. Process flow
and temperature, ambient temperature, front or back position
in the process bypass, or whether it rains or not, might have an
influence on the performance of the systems. To be able to
compare the data as matched pairs, the measurements should
be carried out at the same time, while continuously changing
between the systems. At the time of the experiment, this was
impossible. In the future, such an experimental set-up could
improve the data.
The main issue with this comparison is that it is only
possible to indicate whether or not partial evaporation might
be happening for one of the systems. There is no reference
material to which the functionality of the better system can be
measured. To test these set-ups independently from each
other, a testing facility is needed, as described in the NEN-EN
12838 standard.
13
Such a testing facility is currently being built
in the Netherlands for research purposes. At this test site, the
probe-vaporisers will be measured against a common
denominator.
References
1. Groupe International des Importateurs de Gaz Naturel
Liquéfié, LNG Custody Transfer Handbook, second edition,
(2001).
2. Normcommissie 310 066 “Debiet- en hoeveelheidsmeting.”
NEN-ISO 8943; 2007; Vol. maart.
3. ATKINS, P., JONES, L.,
Chemical Principles
, W. H. Freeman,
(2008).
4. Air Liquide, Methane Vapor Pressure,
airliquide.com/images_encyclopedie/VaporPressureGraph/
Methane_Vapor_Pressure.GIF (accessed: 20 April 2016).
5. Air Liquide, Ethane Vapor Pressure,
airliquide.com/images_encyclopedie/VaporPressureGraph/
Ethane_Vapor_Pressure.GIF (accessed: 20 April 2016).
6. Air Liquide, Propane Vapor Pressure,
airliquide.com/images_encyclopedie/VaporPressureGraph/
Propane_Vapor_Pressure.GIF (accessed: 20 April 2016).
7. Openmodelica, Two phase flow,
org/Documentation/Modelica.Fluid.Dissipation.
PressureLoss.StraightPipe.dp_twoPhaseOverall_DP.html
(accessed: 21 April 2016).
8. Technifab, Cryogenic Liquid Flow,
/
cryogenic-resource-library/cryogenic-thermodynamics/
cryogenic-liquid-flow/ (accessed: 21 April 2016).
9. FILINA, N. N., and WEISEND, J. G., ‘Cryogenic Two-Phase
Flow: Applications to Large Scale Systems’, Cambridge
University Press, (1996).
10. LILLIEFORS, H. W., ‘On the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for
normality with mean and variance unknown’, Journal
of the American Statistical Association, 62.318, (1967),
pp. 399
–
402.
11. HOLLANDER, M., WOLFE, D. A., and CHICKEN, E.
‘Nonparametric statistical methods’, John Wiley & Sons,
(2013).
12. LEVENE, H. Robust tests for equality of variances,
Contrib. to Probab. Stat. Essays Honor Harold Hotell. 2,
(1960), pp. 278 – 292.
13. Technical Committee CEN/TC 282. NEN-EN 12838:2000
Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas -
Suitability testing of LNG sampling systems, (2000).
www.
lngindustry
.com
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INDEX
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ABC
67
Braemar Engineering
04
Burckhardt Compression
37
Camfil Power Systems
61
Canal de Panamá
21
CB&I
07
Chart Industries
09
ConocoPhillips
IFC
Corban Energy Group
15
CWC 17
th
World LNG Summit
63
CWC World LNG & Gas Series 8
th
Asia
Pacific Summit
73
Dresser-Rand, a Siemens Business
11
Dyplast Products
02
FLNG
79
GE Oil & Gas – Reciprocating Compression
49
Hallwood Modular Buildings
56
International Registries, Inc.
32
JLA Loading Technology
27
Kobelco Compressors America, Inc.
IBC
Linde Engineering North America Inc.
OBC
LNG Industry
56, 71 & 77
MAN Diesel & Turbo
31
Pittsburgh Corning
19
SCT&E LNG
OFC & 43
Temati B.V.
16
Valmet
71
Watlow
51
WEKA AG
39
Wison Offshore & Marine Ltd
55
